AI Engines For more Details: Perplexity Kagi Labs You
Anticonvulsant Activity: Mephenytoin works by stabilizing the neuronal membranes and reducing the spread of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, thereby preventing or reducing the occurrence of seizures. It is particularly effective in treating certain types of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and partial seizures.
Epilepsy Management: Mephenytoin is indicated for the long-term management of epilepsy, including both newly diagnosed and refractory cases where other antiepileptic drugs have proven ineffective. It may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other anticonvulsant medications to achieve optimal seizure control.
Pharmacokinetics: Mephenytoin is well-absorbed after oral administration and reaches peak plasma concentrations within 1 to 3 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, primarily CYP2C19, and is predominantly excreted in the urine as metabolites. Individual variations in the metabolism of mephenytoin, particularly due to genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19, can influence its efficacy and tolerability.
Side Effects: Common side effects of mephenytoin may include dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, headache, and gastrointestinal disturbances. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may diminish with continued use or dosage adjustment. However, more serious adverse effects such as allergic reactions, skin rashes, liver toxicity, hematological abnormalities, and neurological symptoms (e.g., ataxia, tremor) may occur rarely and require medical attention.
Drug Interactions: Mephenytoin has significant interactions with various medications due to its induction of hepatic enzymes, particularly CYP450 enzymes. It can accelerate the metabolism of many drugs, leading to reduced efficacy or increased toxicity. Conversely, certain drugs may inhibit the metabolism of mephenytoin, resulting in elevated plasma concentrations and potential toxicity. Close monitoring and dose adjustments may be necessary when mephenytoin is coadministered with other drugs.
Monitoring: Patients taking mephenytoin require regular monitoring of serum drug levels to ensure therapeutic efficacy and minimize the risk of toxicity. Blood tests may also be performed to assess liver function, hematological parameters, and other relevant laboratory values.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Mephenytoin should be used with caution in pregnant women, as it may pose risks to the developing fetus, including teratogenic effects and neonatal withdrawal syndrome. Breastfeeding should be avoided during mephenytoin therapy due to the potential excretion of the drug into breast milk.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Bacteroides uniformis | Reduces |
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Acne | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| ADHD | 2.1 | 0.3 | 6 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.75 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 2.4 | 1 | 1.4 |
| Allergies | 3.1 | 0.9 | 2.44 |
| Allergy to milk products | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.08 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 3.6 | 3.6 | 0 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.83 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 2.5 | 0.6 | 3.17 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.9 | 1.9 | -1.11 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Asthma | 3.2 | 1.1 | 1.91 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.25 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.33 |
| Autism | 4.5 | 5.2 | -0.16 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.29 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Biofilm | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.25 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| Breast Cancer | 1 | 1 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.3 | 0.9 | -2 |
| Carcinoma | 3.2 | 1.3 | 1.46 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.19 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 2 | 4 | -1 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 2 | 1.1 | 0.82 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.21 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 1.7 | 0.4 | 3.25 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.37 |
| Cognitive Function | 2.1 | 1 | 1.1 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 5.1 | 2.2 | 1.32 |
| Constipation | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.29 |
| COVID-19 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 0.1 |
| Crohn's Disease | 5.7 | 2.7 | 1.11 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| d-lactic acidosis (one form of brain fog) | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1.45 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Depression | 6.1 | 5.4 | 0.13 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Eczema | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.56 |
| Endometriosis | 3.1 | 1.4 | 1.21 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Epilepsy | 2.5 | 1.1 | 1.27 |
| erectile dysfunction | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.47 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 3.4 | 2.2 | 0.55 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 2.8 | 0.8 | 2.5 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 1.3 | 0.3 | 3.33 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Glioblastoma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Gout | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
| Graves' disease | 0.7 | 2 | -1.86 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1 |
| Halitosis | 1.3 | 0.3 | 3.33 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 2 | 0.6 | 2.33 |
| Heart Failure | 3.2 | 0.6 | 4.33 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 1.2 | 1.2 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| hyperglycemia | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.86 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| hypersomnia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.18 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Hypoxia | 2.9 | 0.2 | 13.5 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 4.5 | 4 | 0.13 |
| Insomnia | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.14 |
| Intelligence | 1.6 | 0.2 | 7 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 1 | 0.3 | 2.33 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 4 | 2.6 | 0.54 |
| ischemic stroke | 1.6 | 1.7 | -0.06 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 5.2 | 3.4 | 0.53 |
| Long COVID | 3.4 | 3.1 | 0.1 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Lymphoma | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 1.3 | 0.3 | 3.33 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.5 | 1.6 | -2.2 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.6 | 1.5 | -1.5 |
| membranous nephropathy | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Menopause | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 5.3 | 4.2 | 0.26 |
| Mood Disorders | 4.7 | 4.6 | 0.02 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.29 |
| neuropathic pain | 1.4 | -1.4 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.3 | 1.6 | -4.33 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 3.6 | 1.1 | 2.27 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Obesity | 5.4 | 4.5 | 0.2 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 3 | 2 | 0.5 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.83 |
| Osteoporosis | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.33 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 3.9 | 4 | -0.03 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 4 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.5 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.9 | 1 | -0.11 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 1.6 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Psoriasis | 2 | 1.7 | 0.18 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 4.6 | 2.5 | 0.84 |
| Rosacea | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Schizophrenia | 2.5 | 1.8 | 0.39 |
| scoliosis | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 1.5 | 1.8 | -0.2 |
| Sleep Apnea | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.09 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 2 | 2 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.81 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 3 | 0.5 | 5 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.6 | 0.7 | -0.17 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 2.6 | 1.7 | 0.53 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 5.5 | 4.5 | 0.22 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 4.3 | 3.3 | 0.3 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.38 |
| Vitiligo | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.08 |
