AI Engines For more Details: Perplexityβ Kagi Labsβ Youβ
Bronchodilation: Acefylline is primarily used as a bronchodilator in the management of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory conditions characterized by bronchoconstriction and airway obstruction. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways, thereby dilating the bronchioles and improving airflow into and out of the lungs.
Management of Asthma: Acefylline may be prescribed as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of asthma, particularly in patients who have not achieved adequate symptom control with other bronchodilators (e.g., short-acting beta2-agonists) or anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., inhaled corticosteroids). It helps alleviate symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing, and may reduce the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations.
Treatment of COPD: Acefylline is also used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms such as coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and sputum production. It helps improve lung function and exercise tolerance in individuals with COPD, although its role in COPD management may be less well-established compared to other bronchodilators (e.g., beta2-agonists, anticholinergics).
Mechanism of Action: Theophylline, the active component of acefylline, exerts its bronchodilatory effects through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of phosphodiesterase enzymes, adenosine receptor antagonism, and stimulation of endogenous catecholamine release. These actions lead to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of inflammatory mediators involved in airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
Anti-inflammatory Effects: In addition to its bronchodilator properties, theophylline has anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to its therapeutic efficacy in asthma and COPD. It suppresses the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reduces airway inflammation, and modulates immune responses within the lungs.
Dosage and Administration: Acefylline is typically administered orally in the form of tablets or sustained-release capsules. The dosage and frequency of administration may vary depending on the patient's age, weight, renal function, and severity of respiratory symptoms. It is usually taken once or twice daily, with or without food, to achieve optimal bronchodilator effects.
Therapeutic Monitoring: Due to its narrow therapeutic index and potential for drug interactions, theophylline levels in the blood (serum theophylline concentration) may need to be monitored regularly during acefylline therapy to ensure therapeutic efficacy and minimize the risk of toxicity. The target serum theophylline concentration varies depending on the indication for treatment and individual patient factors.
Adverse Effects: Common side effects of acefylline/theophylline therapy may include gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort), headache, insomnia, palpitations, tremor, and arrhythmias. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may occur more frequently at higher serum theophylline concentrations.
Drug Interactions: Theophylline metabolism is influenced by various factors, including cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug interactions. Co-administration of medications that induce or inhibit the metabolism of theophylline (e.g., cimetidine, erythromycin, rifampin) may alter its plasma concentration and increase the risk of toxicity or reduced efficacy.
Contraindications: Acefylline/theophylline is contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to xanthine derivatives, severe cardiac arrhythmias, uncontrolled hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, or hyperthyroidism. It should be used with caution in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, hepatic impairment, or renal insufficiency.
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive β X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.