AI Engines For more Details: Perplexity Kagi Labs You
Antidepressant Action: Desipramine hydrochloride is primarily used for the treatment of depression. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, specifically norepinephrine and serotonin, in the brain. By enhancing the activity of these neurotransmitters, desipramine helps improve mood, reduce feelings of sadness, and alleviate other symptoms of depression.
Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA): Desipramine belongs to the class of tricyclic antidepressants, which were among the first medications developed for the treatment of depression. TCAs exert their therapeutic effects by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin, thereby prolonging their activity in the brain and enhancing neurotransmission.
Off-Label Uses: In addition to depression, desipramine hydrochloride may be used off-label for the treatment of other psychiatric conditions such as anxiety disorders, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It may also be used to manage certain chronic pain syndromes or neuropathic pain conditions.
Dosage and Administration: Desipramine hydrochloride is typically administered orally in the form of tablets or capsules, usually once or multiple times daily, as directed by a healthcare provider. The dosage may vary depending on the individual's age, weight, medical history, and response to treatment. It's important to follow the prescribed dosage and administration instructions carefully to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.
Onset of Action: Desipramine hydrochloride may take several weeks to achieve its maximum therapeutic effect in depression. Improvement in mood and reduction of depressive symptoms may not be noticeable until after several weeks of treatment. It's important for individuals taking desipramine to continue taking the medication as prescribed, even if they do not notice immediate improvement.
Side Effects: Common side effects of desipramine hydrochloride may include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, dizziness, drowsiness, weight gain, increased heart rate, and sexual dysfunction. These side effects are typically mild and transient but may become more pronounced at higher doses or with prolonged use. Desipramine may also cause anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention due to its anticholinergic properties.
Cardiovascular Effects: Desipramine hydrochloride may have cardiovascular effects, including orthostatic hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms). These effects may be more pronounced in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions or in those taking other medications that affect heart function.
Serotonin Syndrome: Like other antidepressants, desipramine hydrochloride may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by excessive serotonin levels in the brain. Serotonin syndrome may occur when desipramine is used in combination with other serotonergic medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
Withdrawal Symptoms: Abrupt discontinuation of desipramine hydrochloride may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, headache, dizziness, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, and flu-like symptoms. It is important to gradually taper the dosage of desipramine under medical supervision to minimize the risk of withdrawal effects.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| species | Parabacteroides distasonis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Acne | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| ADHD | 3.5 | 0.9 | 2.89 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 2.2 | 2.3 | -0.05 |
| Allergies | 5.1 | 3.5 | 0.46 |
| Allergy to milk products | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.38 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 3.3 | 1.1 | 2 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 4.3 | 0.9 | 3.78 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 1.6 | 2.2 | -0.38 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Asthma | 3.7 | 2.5 | 0.48 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.15 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3 | 3.2 | -0.07 |
| Autism | 7.3 | 8.8 | -0.21 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Biofilm | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 |
| Breast Cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.6 | 1.7 | -1.83 |
| Carcinoma | 3.5 | 2 | 0.75 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.7 | 3.7 | -1.18 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.57 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 3.5 | 4.5 | -0.29 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 3 | 2.2 | 0.36 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.07 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1.14 |
| Cognitive Function | 2.2 | 1.1 | 1 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 5.1 | 1.8 | 1.83 |
| Constipation | 1.7 | 0.1 | 16 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| COVID-19 | 7.4 | 8 | -0.08 |
| Crohn's Disease | 5.7 | 5 | 0.14 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.5 | -0.5 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.8 | 0.9 | -0.13 |
| d-lactic acidosis (one form of brain fog) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.44 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Depression | 8.5 | 7.8 | 0.09 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Eczema | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.17 |
| Endometriosis | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.47 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Epilepsy | 2.8 | 2.3 | 0.22 |
| erectile dysfunction | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.5 | 2 | -0.33 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 4.9 | 3.2 | 0.53 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.87 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 2.6 | 2.5 | 0.04 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Glioblastoma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Gout | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.38 |
| Graves' disease | 1.9 | 2.2 | -0.16 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.9 | 1.9 | -1.11 |
| Halitosis | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.19 |
| Heart Failure | 3.6 | 1.8 | 1 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.5 | 0.6 | -0.2 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
| hyperglycemia | 1.9 | 2.2 | -0.16 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.67 |
| hypersomnia | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 4.1 | 4.7 | -0.15 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.5 | 1 | -1 |
| Hypoxia | 2.6 | 1 | 1.6 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1.6 | 3.3 | -1.06 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 6 | 7.8 | -0.3 |
| Insomnia | 1.3 | 3 | -1.31 |
| Intelligence | 1 | 0.7 | 0.43 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.33 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 5.3 | 4.6 | 0.15 |
| ischemic stroke | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1.83 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 5.6 | 4.1 | 0.37 |
| Long COVID | 6 | 6.2 | -0.03 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Lung Cancer | 1.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Lymphoma | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.6 | 1.5 | -1.5 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 1.4 | 1 | 0.4 |
| membranous nephropathy | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Menopause | 1.6 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 5.6 | 5.8 | -0.04 |
| Mood Disorders | 9.2 | 7.5 | 0.23 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 1.1 | 0.1 | 10 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 5.8 | 4.8 | 0.21 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.71 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.9 | 0.2 | 3.5 |
| neuropathic pain | 0.3 | 2.3 | -6.67 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 1.2 | 1.7 | -0.42 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 4 | 4.8 | -0.2 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 1.9 | 0.6 | 2.17 |
| Obesity | 8 | 6 | 0.33 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 4 | 3.2 | 0.25 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.6 | 1.7 | -0.06 |
| Osteoporosis | 2 | 1.3 | 0.54 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 6.7 | 5 | 0.34 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 4.1 | 2.6 | 0.58 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | 0.6 | -2 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.75 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0 |
| Psoriasis | 2.6 | 3.3 | -0.27 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 5.9 | 2.8 | 1.11 |
| Rosacea | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Schizophrenia | 6 | 3 | 1 |
| scoliosis | 0.5 | 1.2 | -1.4 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 3.2 | 1.7 | 0.88 |
| Sleep Apnea | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.29 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.9 | 2.8 | -0.47 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 3.5 | 1.6 | 1.19 |
| Tic Disorder | 1.1 | 1.3 | -0.18 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.67 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 4 | 3.1 | 0.29 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 6.2 | 5.4 | 0.15 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 3.5 | 5.7 | -0.63 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 2.6 | 2.4 | 0.08 |
| Vitiligo | 2 | 1.9 | 0.05 |
