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Treatment of Hyperthyroidism: Propylthiouracil works by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) by the thyroid gland. It blocks the activity of an enzyme called thyroperoxidase, which is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. By reducing thyroid hormone levels, propylthiouracil helps to normalize thyroid function and alleviate symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as rapid heart rate, tremors, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
Management of Thyroid Storm: In severe cases of hyperthyroidism, such as thyroid storm, propylthiouracil may be used to rapidly lower thyroid hormone levels and mitigate life-threatening symptoms, including severe agitation, delirium, fever, and cardiovascular complications.
Preparation for Thyroidectomy or Radioactive Iodine Therapy: Propylthiouracil may be prescribed as a preoperative treatment to prepare patients with hyperthyroidism for thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland) or radioactive iodine therapy. By reducing thyroid hormone levels, it can help to minimize the risk of complications during these procedures and improve surgical outcomes.
Side Effects: Common side effects of propylthiouracil may include gastrointestinal disturbances (such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain), rash, itching, and altered taste sensation. Rare but serious side effects may include liver toxicity, agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count), and vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels).
Hepatotoxicity: Propylthiouracil has been associated with an increased risk of liver toxicity, including hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure. Patients taking propylthiouracil should be monitored closely for signs of liver dysfunction, such as jaundice, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes.
Agranulocytosis: Agranulocytosis is a rare but potentially life-threatening side effect of propylthiouracil characterized by a severe decrease in neutrophil count, which increases the risk of serious infections. Patients should be advised to seek immediate medical attention if they develop symptoms of infection, such as fever, sore throat, or mouth ulcers.
Drug Interactions: Propylthiouracil may interact with other medications, including anticoagulants (such as warfarin), leading to alterations in their effects and potentially increasing the risk of bleeding. Concurrent use of propylthiouracil with certain drugs that affect liver function or bone marrow function may also increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Propylthiouracil is considered safe for use during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, when radioactive iodine therapy is contraindicated due to the risk of harming the developing fetus. However, it may be associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies, and close monitoring of thyroid function is recommended during pregnancy. Propylthiouracil is also excreted in breast milk and should be used with caution in breastfeeding women.
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive β X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.