AI Engines For more Details: Perplexity Kagi Labs You
Antiarrhythmic: Bretylium tosylate is classified as a class III antiarrhythmic agent. It works by blocking the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings, which in turn inhibits the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action helps to stabilize the electrical activity of the heart and prevent the occurrence of certain types of abnormal heart rhythms.
Ventricular Arrhythmias: Bretylium tosylate has historically been used for the management of ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. These are serious cardiac rhythm disturbances that can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.
Mechanism of Action: Bretylium tosylate works by entering sympathetic nerve terminals and displacing norepinephrine from storage vesicles. This leads to a decrease in the release of norepinephrine upon nerve stimulation, resulting in reduced sympathetic activity in the heart. By dampening sympathetic tone, bretylium tosylate helps to stabilize the heart's electrical activity and suppress abnormal rhythms.
Limited Use: Bretylium tosylate is no longer commonly used in clinical practice for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias due to the availability of newer and more effective antiarrhythmic medications. However, it may still be considered in certain situations where other treatments have failed or are not suitable.
Adverse Effects: Bretylium tosylate can cause a range of adverse effects, including hypotension (low blood pressure), bradycardia (slow heart rate), gastrointestinal disturbances, and central nervous system effects such as dizziness and weakness. It may also prolong the QT interval on an electrocardiogram, which can increase the risk of dangerous arrhythmias.
Drug Interactions: Bretylium tosylate may interact with other medications, particularly those that affect cardiac conduction or blood pressure. Patients should inform their healthcare providers about all medications, supplements, and herbal products they are taking before starting treatment with bretylium tosylate.
Monitoring: Patients receiving bretylium tosylate therapy may require regular monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac rhythm to assess the effectiveness of treatment and detect any potential adverse effects.
Contraindications: Bretylium tosylate is contraindicated in patients with certain cardiac conditions, including heart block, severe bradycardia, and cardiogenic shock. It should be used with caution in patients with impaired renal function or other medical conditions that may increase the risk of adverse effects.
Discontinuation: If bretylium tosylate therapy is discontinued, it should be done gradually under the supervision of a healthcare provider to minimize the risk of rebound effects or worsening of arrhythmias.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Bacteroides uniformis | Reduces |
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| Taxonomy | Rank | Effect | Citations | Notation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteroides | genus | Decreases | 👪 Source Study | |
| Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases | 👪 Source Study | |
| Lacticaseibacillus | genus | Decreases | 👪 Source Study | |
| Bacteroides uniformis | species | Decreases | 📓 Source Study | Infectious bacteria |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | species | Decreases | 📓 Source Study | |
| Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases | 📓 Source Study | |
| Bacteroides fragilis | species | Decreases | 📓 Source Study | H02076 Bacteroides infection |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei | subspecies | Decreases | 👶 Source Study | |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans | subspecies | Decreases | 👶 Source Study |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| ADHD | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Allergies | 0.1 | 0.3 | -2 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0 | 0 | |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Asthma | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Autism | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Biofilm | 0 | 0 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Brain Trauma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| Carcinoma | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0 | 0 | |
| Cognitive Function | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Constipation | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| COVID-19 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Depression | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.86 |
| Eczema | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Endometriosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Epilepsy | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| erectile dysfunction | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 0.9 | -0.9 | |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0 | 0 | |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Gout | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Graves' disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0 | 0 | |
| Halitosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Heart Failure | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Hypoxia | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Insomnia | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Intelligence | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.4 | 0.9 | -1.25 |
| ischemic stroke | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Long COVID | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 0.4 | 0.9 | -1.25 |
| Mood Disorders | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.86 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Obesity | 0.3 | 0.7 | -1.33 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Psoriasis | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Schizophrenia | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.9 | -0.9 | |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 0.4 | 0.9 | -1.25 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.3 | 0.9 | -2 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Vitiligo | 0.3 | 0.3 |
