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Beta-Blocker Action: Atenolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, meaning it specifically blocks the action of beta-1 adrenergic receptors. By inhibiting these receptors, atenolol reduces the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the heart, leading to decreased heart rate and reduced force of contraction of the heart muscle.
Antihypertensive Effects: (S)-(-)-atenolol is primarily used in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure). By decreasing heart rate and cardiac output, as well as reducing renin release from the kidneys, atenolol helps lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. This can help prevent complications associated with hypertension, such as stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage.
Management of Angina Pectoris: Atenolol may also be prescribed for the management of angina pectoris, a condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. By decreasing heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand, atenolol helps relieve anginal symptoms and improve exercise tolerance in individuals with stable angina.
Antiarrhythmic Effects: Atenolol has antiarrhythmic properties and may be used in the treatment of certain types of cardiac arrhythmias, particularly supraventricular arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. By slowing conduction through the atrioventricular node and suppressing abnormal electrical activity in the heart, atenolol can help restore normal heart rhythm and prevent arrhythmic events.
Reduction of Myocardial Oxygen Demand: By reducing heart rate and myocardial contractility, (S)-(-)-atenolol decreases myocardial oxygen demand, which can be beneficial in individuals with coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease. Lowering myocardial oxygen demand helps improve oxygen supply-demand balance in the heart and may reduce the frequency and severity of anginal episodes.
Dosage and Administration: (S)-(-)-atenolol is typically administered orally in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage and frequency of administration may vary depending on the patient's age, weight, medical condition, and response to treatment. It is usually taken once daily, with or without food.
Side Effects: Common side effects of (S)-(-)-atenolol may include fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness, bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure), cold extremities, gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., nausea, diarrhea), and worsening of heart failure symptoms in susceptible individuals. These side effects are usually mild and transient but should be reported to a healthcare provider if they persist or worsen over time.
Contraindications: (S)-(-)-atenolol is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity to beta-blockers, severe bradycardia, heart block greater than first degree, cardiogenic shock, decompensated heart failure, and certain other cardiac conditions. It should be used with caution in patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and other comorbidities.
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
