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Antiarrhythmic Effects: Sotalol hydrochloride belongs to the class III antiarrhythmic agents. It works by blocking specific potassium channels in the heart muscle, which helps to stabilize the heart's electrical activity and prevent abnormal rhythms.
Control of Ventricular Arrhythmias: Ventricular arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms that originate in the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). Sotalol hydrochloride is effective in controlling various types of ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
Management of Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter: Sotalol hydrochloride is also used to manage atrial fibrillation/flutter, which are irregular heart rhythms originating in the upper chambers of the heart (atria). By controlling the heart rate and restoring normal sinus rhythm, sotalol can help reduce symptoms and prevent complications associated with atrial fibrillation/flutter, such as stroke and heart failure.
Maintenance of Normal Heart Rhythm: Sotalol hydrochloride is often used for long-term maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. It may be prescribed as a single agent or in combination with other antiarrhythmic medications, depending on the individual patient's condition and response to treatment.
Dose-Dependent Effects: Sotalol hydrochloride exhibits dose-dependent effects on the heart's electrical properties. Lower doses primarily prolong the duration of the cardiac action potential, while higher doses also have beta-adrenergic blocking properties, which can help reduce heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand.
Monitoring Requirements: Due to its potential to prolong the QT interval (a measure of the time it takes for the heart to repolarize), sotalol hydrochloride requires careful monitoring of the patient's cardiac function, electrolyte levels (especially potassium and magnesium), and renal function. Regular electrocardiograms (ECGs) are typically performed to assess QT interval prolongation and monitor for any signs of arrhythmias.
Adverse Effects: Common side effects of sotalol hydrochloride include bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure), fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and visual disturbances. Serious adverse effects such as torsades de pointes (a potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia), bronchospasm, and exacerbation of heart failure may occur, particularly at higher doses or in patients with pre-existing cardiac conditions.
Contraindications and Precautions: Sotalol hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients with severe bradycardia, second- or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, cardiogenic shock, uncontrolled heart failure, or electrolyte imbalances. Caution is also advised in patients with renal impairment, liver disease, or a history of QT prolongation, as well as in elderly patients and those taking other medications that may prolong the QT interval or affect sotalol metabolism.
Individualized Therapy: The dosing and titration of sotalol hydrochloride should be individualized based on the patient's response to treatment, tolerability, and risk factors for adverse events. Close supervision by a healthcare professional experienced in the use of antiarrhythmic agents is essential to optimize the therapeutic benefit and minimize the risk of complications.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
| Taxonomy | Rank | Effect | Citations | Notation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ruminococcus | genus | Decreases | 👪 Source Study | |
| Lachnospira | genus | Decreases | 👪 Source Study | |
| Mediterraneibacter | genus | Decreases | 👪 Source Study | |
| Lacticaseibacillus | genus | Decreases | 👪 Source Study | |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | species | Decreases | 📓 Source Study | |
| Ruminococcus bromii | species | Decreases | 📓 Source Study | |
| Lachnospira eligens | species | Decreases | 📓 Source Study | |
| Mediterraneibacter gnavus | species | Decreases | 📓 Source Study | |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei | subspecies | Decreases | 👶 Source Study | |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans | subspecies | Decreases | 👶 Source Study |
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 0 | 0 | |
| Allergies | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| Allergy to milk products | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| Asthma | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Autism | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| Biofilm | 0 | 0 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Carcinoma | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Celiac Disease | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Cerebral Palsy | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.67 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Cognitive Function | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Constipation | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| COVID-19 | 0.3 | 0.5 | -0.67 |
| Crohn's Disease | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| deep vein thrombosis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Depression | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 |
| Eczema | 0 | 0 | |
| Endometriosis | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0 | 0 | |
| Gout | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Graves' disease | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Heart Failure | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 0 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Insomnia | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| ischemic stroke | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Long COVID | 0.3 | 0.8 | -1.67 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0 | 0 | |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Mood Disorders | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| neuropathic pain | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Obesity | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| Osteoarthritis | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 0.1 | 0.6 | -5 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Psoriasis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| Rosacea | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Schizophrenia | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| scoliosis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 0 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 0 | 0 | |
| Vitiligo | 0.6 | 0.6 |
