🍽️ nitrofurantoin (antibiotic)

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Nitrofurantoin is primarily used to treat uncomplicated UTIs, including cystitis (bladder infection) and acute lower urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of bacteria.

Bacterial Cystitis: Nitrofurantoin is effective in treating acute uncomplicated cystitis, which is a common type of UTI primarily affecting the bladder.

Prophylaxis for Recurrent UTIs: In some cases, nitrofurantoin may be prescribed for long-term prophylaxis to prevent recurrent UTIs in individuals prone to frequent infections.

Mechanism of Action: Nitrofurantoin works by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis and other essential bacterial metabolic processes, leading to bacterial cell death.

Dosage and Administration: Nitrofurantoin is usually taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the infection, the patient's age and kidney function, and the specific bacteria causing the infection.

Adverse Effects: Common side effects of nitrofurantoin may include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Other side effects may include headache, dizziness, and hypersensitivity reactions such as rash or itching. Rare but serious adverse effects include pulmonary toxicity (lung damage) and peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage).

Precautions: Nitrofurantoin should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing kidney disease, liver disease, or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. It is essential to stay hydrated while taking nitrofurantoin and to avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or artificial UV light due to the risk of photosensitivity reactions.

Drug Interactions: Nitrofurantoin may interact with certain medications, including antacids containing magnesium trisilicate, which may decrease its absorption and effectiveness. It is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all medications you are taking before starting nitrofurantoin therapy.

Resistance: The development of bacterial resistance to nitrofurantoin has been reported, highlighting the importance of judicious use and appropriate prescribing practices to minimize the risk of resistance.

Pregnancy and Lactation: Nitrofurantoin is generally considered safe to use during pregnancy, especially in the early stages, but should be avoided near term due to the risk of hemolytic anemia in newborns. It can be used cautiously during breastfeeding, but infants should be monitored for potential adverse effects.