AI Engines For more Details: Perplexity Kagi Labs You
Cell Viability Assays: Propidium iodide is commonly used in cell viability assays to assess the membrane integrity of cells. When added to a cell culture or tissue sample, propidium iodide can penetrate cells with compromised plasma membranes, such as dead or dying cells. Once inside the cell, propidium iodide binds to nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and fluoresces red under certain wavelengths of light. This fluorescence can be detected and quantified using fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry, allowing researchers to determine the proportion of viable and non-viable cells in a sample.
Cell Cycle Analysis: Propidium iodide is also used in cell cycle analysis to measure the DNA content of cells and identify different phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M phases). By staining cells with propidium iodide and analyzing their DNA content using flow cytometry, researchers can assess the distribution of cells in various phases of the cell cycle. This information is valuable for studying cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Cell Death Studies: Propidium iodide staining is often used in conjunction with other fluorescent dyes and markers to study cell death processes, including necrosis and apoptosis. Necrotic cells with compromised membrane integrity will take up propidium iodide and fluoresce red, whereas apoptotic cells may or may not take up propidium iodide depending on the stage of apoptosis and the integrity of their plasma membranes. By combining propidium iodide staining with other markers, researchers can differentiate between different modes of cell death and investigate the underlying mechanisms involved.
Safety Considerations: Propidium iodide is generally considered safe for use in laboratory research when handled and disposed of properly. However, like any chemical reagent, it should be used with caution, and appropriate safety precautions should be taken to minimize exposure. Propidium iodide is not intended for use in humans or animals and should be used strictly for laboratory research purposes.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Bacteroides uniformis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| ADHD | 2.7 | 0.6 | 3.5 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 1.6 | 2.4 | -0.5 |
| Allergies | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.38 |
| Allergy to milk products | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.83 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 1.3 | 4.2 | -2.23 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.43 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 0.9 | 1.8 | -1 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Asthma | 3 | 2 | 0.5 |
| Atherosclerosis | 0.9 | 1.3 | -0.44 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0 |
| Autism | 3.5 | 4.3 | -0.23 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.6 | 1 | -0.67 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Biofilm | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.5 | 0.8 | -0.6 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.22 |
| Cancer (General) | 2.2 | -2.2 | |
| Carcinoma | 1.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.2 | 1.3 | -0.08 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 1.1 | 1 | 0.1 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 1.7 | 3 | -0.76 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1 | 1.7 | -0.7 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.64 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 0.3 | 1 | -2.33 |
| Cognitive Function | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.77 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 3.3 | 1.9 | 0.74 |
| Constipation | 0.3 | 0.7 | -1.33 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.3 | 1.9 | -0.46 |
| COVID-19 | 3.7 | 6.4 | -0.73 |
| Crohn's Disease | 2.9 | 2.5 | 0.16 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 1.9 | -1.9 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 1 | 1.1 | -0.1 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Depression | 4.7 | 6.6 | -0.4 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Eczema | 0.9 | 2 | -1.22 |
| Endometriosis | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.63 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Epilepsy | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.29 |
| erectile dysfunction | 1 | 0.3 | 2.33 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1.2 | 1.9 | -0.58 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.18 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0 | 0.9 | 0 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.4 | 2.5 | -0.79 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Glioblastoma | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Gout | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Graves' disease | 0.9 | 2.1 | -1.33 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Halitosis | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
| Heart Failure | 1.5 | 1.6 | -0.07 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 1 | 0.3 | 2.33 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| hyperglycemia | 0.6 | 0.7 | -0.17 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| hypersomnia | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 1.3 | 3.7 | -1.85 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.7 | -0.7 | |
| Hypoxia | 1 | 0.7 | 0.43 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 0.6 | 2 | -2.33 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 3.4 | 6.4 | -0.88 |
| Insomnia | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.07 |
| Intelligence | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.25 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 0.4 | 0.9 | -1.25 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 2.8 | 2.3 | 0.22 |
| ischemic stroke | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.45 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 3.6 | 1.9 | 0.89 |
| Long COVID | 2.6 | 4.5 | -0.73 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.8 | -0.8 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.3 | 0.6 | -1 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.5 | 1.8 | -2.6 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| membranous nephropathy | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Menopause | 1.5 | 0.5 | 2 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 3.4 | 4.3 | -0.26 |
| Mood Disorders | 4.9 | 5.4 | -0.1 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.9 | 0.1 | 8 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 3.6 | 3.4 | 0.06 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1.2 | 0.4 | 2 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.3 | 0.7 | -1.33 |
| neuropathic pain | 1.8 | -1.8 | |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.4 | 1.1 | -1.75 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 2.2 | 3.9 | -0.77 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 1 | 0.6 | 0.67 |
| Obesity | 4.8 | 4.9 | -0.02 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1.3 | 2.4 | -0.85 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.67 |
| Osteoporosis | 1 | 0.7 | 0.43 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 4 | 4.6 | -0.15 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 3.1 | 1.7 | 0.82 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | 0.6 | -2 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.3 | 0.9 | -2 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 1.4 | 1.7 | -0.21 |
| Psoriasis | 1.6 | 2.2 | -0.38 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 4.2 | 2.7 | 0.56 |
| Rosacea | 0.3 | 1 | -2.33 |
| Schizophrenia | 3.3 | 1.7 | 0.94 |
| scoliosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 0.9 | 1.7 | -0.89 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.7 | 1.3 | -0.86 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.83 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.3 | 1.7 | -0.31 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.13 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.3 | 1 | -2.33 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1.2 | 3.2 | -1.67 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 3.5 | 3.7 | -0.06 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 1.5 | 2.8 | -0.87 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 1.3 | 1.7 | -0.31 |
| Vitiligo | 0.9 | 1.1 | -0.22 |
