AI Engines For more Details: Perplexity Kagi Labs You
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Pioglitazone is indicated for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, either alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications (such as metformin, sulfonylureas, or insulin). It works by improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues (muscle, fat, and liver), thereby reducing insulin resistance and improving glucose utilization. This helps to lower blood glucose levels and improve glycemic control in patients with T2DM.
Hyperglycemia: Pioglitazone helps to reduce elevated blood glucose levels by enhancing the action of insulin and decreasing hepatic glucose production. It can be effective in lowering fasting plasma glucose levels and reducing postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Insulin Resistance: Pioglitazone primarily targets insulin resistance, a key feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus. By activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-Ξ³) in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver, pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity and promotes glucose uptake, leading to improved glycemic control.
Cardiovascular Protection: Some studies suggest that pioglitazone may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. It has been associated with improvements in lipid profiles, reduction in markers of inflammation, and potential cardioprotective effects, although its use in this regard remains subject to ongoing research and debate.
HbA1c Reduction: Pioglitazone therapy has been shown to lead to reductions in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, which reflect average blood glucose levels over a period of several months. Lowering HbA1c levels is important for reducing the risk of long-term complications associated with diabetes, such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and nephropathy.
Microvascular Complications: By improving glycemic control and addressing insulin resistance, pioglitazone may help reduce the risk of microvascular complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. However, its precise role in preventing these complications requires further investigation.
Combination Therapy: Pioglitazone is often used in combination with other antidiabetic medications to achieve optimal glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes who do not respond adequately to monotherapy. Combination therapy with pioglitazone may help address multiple pathophysiological aspects of diabetes, such as insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and excessive hepatic glucose production.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Increases |
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bacteroides uniformis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium animalis | Increases |
| species | Bifidobacterium bifidum | Increases |
| species | Bifidobacterium breve | Increases |
| species | Bifidobacterium catenulatum | Increases |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum | Increases |
| species | Bifidobacterium pseudolongum | Increases |
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| species | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Increases |
| species | Parabacteroides distasonis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Acne | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.33 |
| ADHD | 4.2 | 1.3 | 2.23 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 4.4 | 2.6 | 0.69 |
| Allergies | 8.1 | 5 | 0.62 |
| Allergy to milk products | 2.9 | 3 | -0.03 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.37 |
| Alzheimer's disease | 9.4 | 6.6 | 0.42 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 4.5 | 2.4 | 0.88 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 4.8 | 2.5 | 0.92 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 3.4 | 4 | -0.18 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 1.1 | 0.1 | 10 |
| Asthma | 6.6 | 3.5 | 0.89 |
| Atherosclerosis | 2.8 | 3.2 | -0.14 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4.5 | 2.6 | 0.73 |
| Autism | 11.7 | 9.6 | 0.22 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 2 | 0.4 | 4 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.67 |
| Biofilm | 2.6 | 0.2 | 12 |
| Bipolar Disorder | 4.1 | 2.9 | 0.41 |
| Brain Trauma | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
| Breast Cancer | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.67 |
| Cancer (General) | 0.9 | 1.8 | -1 |
| Carcinoma | 5.3 | 2.8 | 0.89 |
| Celiac Disease | 4 | 4.2 | -0.05 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1.78 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 8.5 | 5.9 | 0.44 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 6.8 | 1.8 | 2.78 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 3.9 | 2 | 0.95 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 2.7 | 1.4 | 0.93 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0 |
| Cognitive Function | 4.4 | 1.8 | 1.44 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 8.3 | 2.6 | 2.19 |
| Constipation | 2.4 | 0.7 | 2.43 |
| Coronary artery disease | 4.3 | 2.5 | 0.72 |
| COVID-19 | 11.9 | 12.9 | -0.08 |
| Crohn's Disease | 11.6 | 8.1 | 0.43 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.6 | -0.6 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 1.8 | 0.6 | 2 |
| d-lactic acidosis (one form of brain fog) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 2.9 | 1.2 | 1.42 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 2.1 | 0 | 0 |
| Depression | 15.2 | 10.2 | 0.49 |
| Dermatomyositis | 1 | 1 | |
| Eczema | 2.4 | 3.4 | -0.42 |
| Endometriosis | 3.9 | 2.9 | 0.34 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Epilepsy | 4.6 | 4.2 | 0.1 |
| erectile dysfunction | 2.3 | 0.3 | 6.67 |
| Fibromyalgia | 4.3 | 2.4 | 0.79 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 7 | 5.6 | 0.25 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 4.7 | 1.5 | 2.13 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 2.4 | 1.7 | 0.41 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Glioblastoma | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.67 |
| Gout | 2.7 | 0.8 | 2.38 |
| Graves' disease | 2.9 | 2.6 | 0.12 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 1.4 | 2.1 | -0.5 |
| Halitosis | 2 | 0.6 | 2.33 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 4.7 | 2 | 1.35 |
| Heart Failure | 6.5 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 1.6 | 0.3 | 4.33 |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3 |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 1.8 | 0.3 | 5 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.44 |
| hyperglycemia | 3.2 | 2.7 | 0.19 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 2.3 | 0.4 | 4.75 |
| hypersomnia | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.33 |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 7.8 | 5.9 | 0.32 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.78 |
| Hypoxia | 4.5 | 0.2 | 21.5 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 2.4 | 4.4 | -0.83 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 11.9 | 9.5 | 0.25 |
| Insomnia | 4.6 | 3.1 | 0.48 |
| Intelligence | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.75 |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 2 | 1.4 | 0.43 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 11.2 | 7.5 | 0.49 |
| ischemic stroke | 3.4 | 1.5 | 1.27 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 8.1 | 6.3 | 0.29 |
| Long COVID | 11.1 | 9 | 0.23 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 |
| Lung Cancer | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.56 |
| Lymphoma | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 1.9 | 0.6 | 2.17 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.42 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0 |
| membranous nephropathy | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Menopause | 1.8 | 0.3 | 5 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 9.3 | 8.8 | 0.06 |
| Mood Disorders | 14.4 | 9.4 | 0.53 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 2 | 0.1 | 19 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 8.9 | 6 | 0.48 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1.8 | 0.6 | 2 |
| myasthenia gravis | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.36 |
| neuropathic pain | 1.3 | 2.3 | -0.77 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 1.8 | 2.8 | -0.56 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 1.7 | 1.7 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 7.1 | 4.5 | 0.58 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 2.4 | 0.7 | 2.43 |
| Obesity | 14 | 12 | 0.17 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 7.3 | 4.7 | 0.55 |
| Osteoarthritis | 5.1 | 1.5 | 2.4 |
| Osteoporosis | 2.9 | 2.8 | 0.04 |
| pancreatic cancer | 1.5 | 0.5 | 2 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 11.5 | 8.3 | 0.39 |
| Peanut Allergy | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 9.1 | 3.4 | 1.68 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.4 | 0.6 | -0.5 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 2.3 | 2 | 0.15 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 5.2 | 3.2 | 0.63 |
| Psoriasis | 3.2 | 3.6 | -0.13 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 9.3 | 5.1 | 0.82 |
| Rosacea | 1.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 |
| Schizophrenia | 8.2 | 4.1 | 1 |
| scoliosis | 0.5 | 1.3 | -1.6 |
| sensorineural hearing loss | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Sjögren syndrome | 4.3 | 3.3 | 0.3 |
| Sleep Apnea | 3 | 2.2 | 0.36 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.11 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 3.9 | 3.3 | 0.18 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 6.2 | 1.5 | 3.13 |
| Tic Disorder | 1.6 | 1.9 | -0.19 |
| Tourette syndrome | 1.4 | 0.3 | 3.67 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 6.2 | 4.1 | 0.51 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 9.4 | 9.2 | 0.02 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 9.2 | 7.7 | 0.19 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 7.7 | 1.3 | 4.92 |
| Vitiligo | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.33 |
