AI Engines For more Details: Perplexity Kagi Labs You
Treatment of Tuberculosis (TB): Pyrazinamide is a key component of first-line anti-tuberculosis therapy. It is used in combination with other drugs such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol for the treatment of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB infections.
Bactericidal Activity: Pyrazinamide exhibits bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB. It works by disrupting the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the bacterial cell wall. This disrupts cell wall integrity and leads to bacterial death.
Sterilizing Effect: Pyrazinamide is particularly effective against dormant or slowly replicating bacteria, which are often present in TB lesions. It plays a crucial role in shortening the duration of TB treatment by targeting these persistent bacteria and reducing the risk of relapse.
Combination Therapy: Pyrazinamide is usually administered as part of a multidrug regimen for TB treatment. The combination of multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action helps prevent the development of drug resistance and improves treatment outcomes.
Side Effects: Common side effects of pyrazinamide may include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity) and hyperuricemia (elevated uric acid levels) are less common but potentially serious adverse effects associated with pyrazinamide use.
Monitoring: Patients receiving pyrazinamide therapy should be closely monitored for signs of hepatotoxicity, including jaundice, elevated liver enzymes, and liver function abnormalities. Regular monitoring of serum uric acid levels may also be necessary to detect hyperuricemia and prevent associated complications such as gout.
Dosage and Administration: Pyrazinamide is typically administered orally in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage and duration of treatment depend on factors such as the severity of the TB infection, the patient's weight, and the presence of drug resistance. Treatment regimens are often guided by national or international TB treatment guidelines.
Drug Interactions: Pyrazinamide may interact with other medications, including antacids, rifampicin, and other drugs metabolized by the liver. Clinicians should review the patient's medication profile and consider potential interactions when prescribing pyrazinamide.
Pregnancy and Lactation: The safety of pyrazinamide use during pregnancy and lactation is not well established. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should discuss the risks and benefits of pyrazinamide therapy with their healthcare provider.
Adherence to Treatment: Adherence to the prescribed TB treatment regimen, including pyrazinamide, is crucial for successful treatment outcomes and the prevention of drug resistance. Patients should be educated about the importance of completing the full course of treatment as directed by their healthcare provider.
| Rank | Probiotic | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| genus | Bifidobacterium | Reduces |
| species | Akkermansia muciniphila | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Reduces |
| species | Bifidobacterium longum | Reduces |
| species | Escherichia coli | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Reduces |
| subspecies | Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum | Reduces |
We extend modifiers to include items that changes the parent and child taxa. I.e. for a species, that would be the genus that is belongs to and the strains in the species.
A higher number indicates impact on more bacteria associated with the condition and confidence on the impact.
We have X bacteria high and Y low reported. We find that the modifier reduces some and increases other of these two groups. We just tally: X|reduces + Y|Increase = Positive X|increases + Y|decrease = Negative.
Benefit Ratio:
Numbers above 0 have increasing positive effect.
Numbers below 0 have increasing negative effect.
| Condition | Positive Impact | Negative Impact | Benefit Ratio Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Acne | 0.6 | 0.8 | -0.33 |
| ADHD | 4.2 | 0.9 | 3.67 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.75 |
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 2.5 | 2 | 0.25 |
| Allergies | 5.9 | 3.6 | 0.64 |
| Allergy to milk products | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.38 |
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | 1 | 1 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | 4.9 | 5 | -0.02 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Motor Neuron | 3.5 | 1.2 | 1.92 |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 3.3 | 0.9 | 2.67 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 1.4 | 2.3 | -0.64 |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Asthma | 4.2 | 2.9 | 0.45 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1.4 | 1.6 | -0.14 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3.2 | 1.6 | 1 |
| Autism | 7.3 | 7.5 | -0.03 |
| Autoimmune Disease | 0.9 | 1 | -0.11 |
| Barrett esophagus cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| Biofilm | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 2.1 | 1.7 | 0.24 |
| Brain Trauma | 0.6 | 1.4 | -1.33 |
| Breast Cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| Cancer (General) | 0.6 | 1.6 | -1.67 |
| Carcinoma | 3.5 | 2.6 | 0.35 |
| Celiac Disease | 1.1 | 3.8 | -2.45 |
| Cerebral Palsy | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.08 |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 3.8 | 4.3 | -0.13 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 3.8 | 2.3 | 0.65 |
| Chronic Lyme | 0.5 | 0.8 | -0.6 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 0.8 | 1.4 | -0.75 |
| Chronic Urticaria (Hives) | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
| Coagulation / Micro clot triggering bacteria | 1.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Cognitive Function | 3.3 | 1.3 | 1.54 |
| Colorectal Cancer | 5.3 | 2.1 | 1.52 |
| Constipation | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1.14 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.7 | 1.8 | -0.06 |
| COVID-19 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 0.01 |
| Crohn's Disease | 5.4 | 5.2 | 0.04 |
| Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism) | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| cystic fibrosis | 0.8 | 1.9 | -1.37 |
| d-lactic acidosis (one form of brain fog) | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
| deep vein thrombosis | 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.18 |
| Denture Wearers Oral Shifts | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Depression | 7.7 | 8.7 | -0.13 |
| Dermatomyositis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Eczema | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0 |
| Endometriosis | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.27 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 0.3 | -0.3 | |
| Epilepsy | 2.2 | 2.5 | -0.14 |
| erectile dysfunction | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Fibromyalgia | 2.9 | 0.9 | 2.22 |
| Functional constipation / chronic idiopathic constipation | 4.4 | 3 | 0.47 |
| gallstone disease (gsd) | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1.55 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd) including Barrett's esophagus | 0.3 | 0.9 | -2 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 2.1 | 2.5 | -0.19 |
| giant cell arteritis | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
| Gout | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.36 |
| Graves' disease | 1.9 | 3 | -0.58 |
| Gulf War Syndrome | 0.6 | 1.4 | -1.33 |
| Halitosis | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 3.3 | 1.7 | 0.94 |
| Heart Failure | 3.4 | 1.6 | 1.13 |
| hemorrhagic stroke | 1 | 1 | |
| Hidradenitis Suppurativa | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1 |
| High Histamine/low DAO | 1 | 0.6 | 0.67 |
| hypercholesterolemia (High Cholesterol) | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.17 |
| hyperglycemia | 2 | 2.1 | -0.05 |
| Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Fats) | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| hypersomnia | 0.4 | -0.4 | |
| hypertension (High Blood Pressure | 5.1 | 5 | 0.02 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.3 | 1 | -2.33 |
| Hypoxia | 3 | 0.3 | 9 |
| IgA nephropathy (IgAN) | 1.3 | 3.2 | -1.46 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 5.5 | 7.4 | -0.35 |
| Insomnia | 1.6 | 3.1 | -0.94 |
| Intelligence | 1 | 1 | |
| Intracranial aneurysms | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.33 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 6.3 | 4.7 | 0.34 |
| ischemic stroke | 2.9 | 1.7 | 0.71 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 6.6 | 4.5 | 0.47 |
| Long COVID | 4.1 | 8.1 | -0.98 |
| Low bone mineral density | 1.1 | -1.1 | |
| Lung Cancer | 0.6 | 1.6 | -1.67 |
| Lymphoma | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
| Mast Cell Issues / mastitis | 0.6 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
| ME/CFS with IBS | 0.3 | 1.9 | -5.33 |
| ME/CFS without IBS | 0.9 | 1.8 | -1 |
| Menopause | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 5.7 | 6.7 | -0.18 |
| Mood Disorders | 8.1 | 7.2 | 0.13 |
| multiple chemical sensitivity [MCS] | 0.6 | 0.1 | 5 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 5.4 | 3.7 | 0.46 |
| Multiple system atrophy (MSA) | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1.14 |
| myasthenia gravis | 0.6 | 0.7 | -0.17 |
| neuropathic pain | 0.3 | 3.3 | -10 |
| Neuropathy (all types) | 0.7 | 2.7 | -2.86 |
| neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS, PANS) | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (nafld) Nonalcoholic | 4.3 | 5.2 | -0.21 |
| NonCeliac Gluten Sensitivity | 1.9 | 0.6 | 2.17 |
| Obesity | 9.5 | 6.9 | 0.38 |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | 4.4 | 3.3 | 0.33 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
| Osteoporosis | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.56 |
| pancreatic cancer | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Parkinson's Disease | 8.1 | 4.3 | 0.88 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 4.8 | 3 | 0.6 |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | 0.2 | 0.6 | -2 |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.75 |
| primary biliary cholangitis | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 1.8 | 2 | -0.11 |
| Psoriasis | 3 | 2.2 | 0.36 |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA),Spondyloarthritis (SpA) | 7.1 | 3.2 | 1.22 |
| Rosacea | 1.1 | 1 | 0.1 |
| Schizophrenia | 5.8 | 3.4 | 0.71 |
| scoliosis | 0.5 | 0.9 | -0.8 |
| Sjögren syndrome | 2.3 | 2.6 | -0.13 |
| Sleep Apnea | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.06 |
| Slow gastric motility / Gastroparesis | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.67 |
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.17 |
| Stress / posttraumatic stress disorder | 2.9 | 3.2 | -0.1 |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 2.8 | 2 | 0.4 |
| Tic Disorder | 0.6 | 1.2 | -1 |
| Tourette syndrome | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2 |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 3.3 | 3.5 | -0.06 |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 5.8 | 6.2 | -0.07 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 3.4 | 5.4 | -0.59 |
| Unhealthy Ageing | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.27 |
| Vitiligo | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.23 |
